By Yoruk Bahceli and Dhara Ranasinghe
LONDON (Reuters) – The European Central Bank is considering entering the maelstrom of volatile world markets to start winding down its massive bond holdings – just as governments scale up spending to respond to an energy crisis likely to induce a recession.
The ECB, which bought 5 trillion euros of bonds ($4.9 trillion) over the past decade to lift low inflation, now finds itself battling record high inflation at 10%.
On top of aggressive interest rate hikes including an unprecedented 75 basis-point move last month, policy hawks want to begin quantitative tightening (QT): the scaling back of the ECB’s bond holdings.
ECB chief Christine Lagarde this week acknowledged the discussion had started and would continue.
The process may still be months away, and will likely come after the ECB hikes to around 2% and be very gradual, but bond markets – sent reeling by aggressive rate hikes globally, by an energy crisis and by a rout in British bonds – are nervous.
“There is much at stake in the euro zone when it comes to QT,” said ING senior rates strategist Benjamin Schroeder, adding that the closely watched gap between Italian and German yields was the main focus.
“But beyond spreads there is also a fear of stoking further market volatility, especially when government funding plans in the eurozone are under growing upside risk.”
At 2.35%, Germany’s 10-year bond yield is up 250 basis points this year and Italy’s are up almost 360 bps — the largest surges in decades.
Germany last month unveiled a 200 billion euro package funded by new borrowing to help cushion the blow from the energy shock. BofA expects net European government bond supply to rise close to 400 billion euros next year, the highest on record and well above the 120-145 billion euros expected this year, dampened in part by ECB bond-buying.
“This consideration also makes the practical implementation of ECB QT significantly harder,” BofA said.
SOFTLY, SOFTLY
Analysts expect the ECB would first gradually phase out reinvestments of bonds maturing under its conventional bond purchase programme. That would reduce its balance sheet by a “manageable” 155 billion euros in 2023 and 300 billion euros in 2024, ING reckons.
Goldman Sachs estimates that bond markets should be able to digest an annual 250 billion euro unwind of those holdings. Ten-year bond yields in higher-rated states would rise a mere 6 bps, and 15 bps in Southern Europe.
Even if those holdings were to be unwound, analysts widely expect the ECB would still continue reinvestments under its pandemic emergency bond purchase programme (PEPP), which it shifted to countries like Italy and Spain over the summer as a first line of defence for a divergence of the yield spread they pay over top-rated Germany’s seen as “unwarranted”.
Eric Oynoyan, head of European rates strategy at Morgan Stanley, estimates PEPP redemptions will equate to around 151 bln euros next year.
“To some extent, ironically the PEPP flexibility is a way to keep on doing QE for peripheral debt while doing QT and could even eventually lead to tighter spreads,” he said, referring to the first half of next year.
An eventual wind-down of PEPP holdings could add to balance sheet reductions in 2025 worth a total 388 billion euros, ING said. Analysts don’t expect the ECB to speed up the process with outright bond sales.
UNCHARTERED TERRITORY
How QT will play out is largely unknown in the same way that quantitative easing was a relatively new experiment.
The Federal Reserve has started to wind down its $9 trillion balance sheet and staff recently concluded that bond market strains could complicate QT by amplifying its impact and raising rates more than anticipated.
The Bank of England’s plans to start QT in early October were delayed until Oct. 31 as it launched an emergency bond-buying programme to stem a bond market rout sparked by the UK government’s Sept. 23 announcement of a “mini-budget”.
“The lesson from the Bank of England is that essentially, if you don’t have financial stability, there’s no point trying to pursue price stability,” said Piet Haines Christiansen, chief analyst at Danske Bank.
The big headache for the ECB is containing bond spreads.
In addition to PEPP reinvestments, it has also launched a new tool, the Transmission Protection Instrument (TPI), under which it would purchase bonds from states seeing an “unwarranted” widening of spreads over Germany.
AllianceBernstein portfolio manager Nick Sanders said he was “sceptical” how the ECB could achieve QT with those protections in place.
“If you’ve got euro zone yields supported by backstop they’ve got in place, it’s going to be very hard for them to move into QT environment without a shock towards peripheral spreads, particularly Italy.”
The ECB may also find itself undertaking QT during a recession, which would lead to “overtightening” of policy, said Annalisa Piazza, analyst at MFS Investment Management.
No doubt the ECB, whose assets rival the Fed’s, adding to balance sheet runoff globally would be another source of uncertainty for broader markets.
A rough rule of thumb is that $1 trillion of QT is consistently worth about 10% off global equities, strategists said.
($1 = 1.0306 euros)
(Reporting by Yoruk Bahceli and Dhara Ranasinghe, additional reporting by Samuel Indyk in London; Editing by Hugh Lawson)
